Spatio-temporal analysis of female breast cancer incidence in Shenzhen, 2007-2012 / 癌症

<p><b>INTRODUCTION</b>Breast cancer is a leading tumor with a high mortality in women. This study examined the spatio-temporal distribution of the incidence of female breast cancer in Shenzhen between 2007 and 2012.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The data on breast cancer incidence were obtained from the Shenzhen Cancer Registry System. To describe the temporal trend, the average annual percentage change (AAPC) was analyzed using a joinpoint regression model. Spatial autocorrelation and a retrospective spatio-temporal scan approach were used to detect the spatio-temporal cluster distribution of breast cancer cases.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Breast cancer ranked first among different types of cancer in women in Shenzhen between 2007 and 2012 with a crude incidence of 20.0/100,000 population. The age-standardized rate according to the world standard population was 21.1/100,000 in 2012, with an AAPC of 11.3%. The spatial autocorrelation analysis showed a spatial correlation characterized by the presence of a hotspot in south-central Shenzhen, which included the eastern part of Luohu District (Donghu and Liantang Streets) and Yantian District (Shatoujiao, Haishan, and Yantian Streets). Five spatio-temporal cluster areas were detected between 2010 and 2012, one of which was a Class 1 cluster located in southwestern Shenzhen in 2010, which included Yuehai, Nantou, Shahe, Shekou, and Nanshan Streets in Nanshan District with an incidence of 54.1/100,000 and a relative risk of 2.41; the other four were Class 2 clusters located in Yantian, Luohu, Futian, and Longhua Districts with a relative risk ranging from 1.70 to 3.25.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>This study revealed the spatio-temporal cluster pattern for the incidence of female breast cancer in Shenzhen, which will be useful for a better allocation of health resources in Shenzhen.</p>

Relationship between maximum body mass index and type 2 diabetes mellitus among adults in Heilongjiang province / 中华流行病学杂志

Objective To determine the prevalence and distribution of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and the relationship between maximum body mass index (MAXBMI) and T2DM. Methods From June to August, 2005, a stratified cluster sampling of 1071 permanent residents in communities, over 20 years old, from 4 districts and 1 county of Mudanjiang was chosen. The prevalence of T2DM, and the association between T2DM and different levels of the MAXBMI, current BMI were studied. Results The prevalence in the communities was 7.09% and in those with past maximum BMI≥28 kg/m~2, it was 12.10%. With the increase of past MAXBMI levels, the risk of T2DM patients also increased significantly(trend X~2=17.387 23, P<0.0001). Data from multifactor analysis showed that MAXBMI in the past was positively related to T2DM (OR=3.06, P=0.0013). In T2DM patients, the group with MAXBMI≥27.4 kg/m~2 had higher 2-hour postprandial blood glucose than those with lower MAXBMI (P=0.0408). When compared with low maximum BMI group in normal blood glucose population, the group with higher MAXBMI (≥ 25.4 kg/m~2) had higher blood glucose and greater change of BMI. Conclusion In both groups that patients with T2DM and with normal glucose, in order to control blood glucose better, researchers should not only concern about the influence of the MAXBMI in the past, but also pay attention to constantly keep BMI at the normal range.

Cigarette smoke extract activates PKC isoforms and down-regulates the expressions of potassium channels BK(Ca) and Kv1.5 in rat bronchial smooth muscle cells / 生理学报

Large-conductance calcium-activated potassium channel (BK(Ca)) and voltage-gated potassium channel Kv1.5 play an important role in the pathogenesis of bronchial hyperresponsiveness (BHR). It is known that cigarette smoke can induce BHR, however, the role of BK(Ca) and Kv1.5 expression in it remains to be further elucidated. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the direct effects of cigarette smoke extract (CSE) on BK(Ca) and Kv1.5 expression, and the role of protein kinase C (PKC) isoforms activation in primary cultured rat bronchial smooth muscle cells (BSMCs). Primarily cultured rat BSMCs were treated with 5% CSE, the expression and translocation of PKC isoforms were measured by Western blot, and the mRNA and protein levels of BK(Ca) and Kv1.5 alpha-subunits were determined by semi-quantitative RT-PCR and Western blot, respectively. The results showed that 5% CSE induced the translocation of PKCepsilon, PKCeta, PKCtheta from soluble fraction to particulate fraction, and reduced mRNA and protein expressions of BK(Ca) and Kv1.5 alpha-subunits. The decreased expression of potassium channels was partly restored by PKC inhibitor, BIM or Goe6983. In summary, CSE may activate PKC isoforms epsilon, eta, theta, thereby down-regulate the expressions of BK(Ca) and Kv1.5 in BSMCs.

Study on the distribution and risk factors of hypertension among children: a cohort study / 中华流行病学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To explore the association between hypertension and the tendency of change among children,so as to lay a foundation for the prevention and control of hypertension.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Based on findings from the prevalence survey that carried out in September 1999 in Daqing of Heilongjiang province. New admission children were selected as subjects to conduct a five-year cohort study. All the subjects were interviewed with questionnaires and their blood specimens were collected for biochemical analysis. All data were analyzed using SPSS 10.0 software. Results The prevalence of hypertension among 447 children was found 2.01% at the baseline study but increased to 5.37% in the fifth year. During a five year period, the systolic pressure level among children increased from (100.65 +/- 11.62)mmHg (1 mm Hg = 0.133 kPa) to (106.67 +/- 9.29) mm Hg,while the diastolic pressure level was from (66.27 +/- 11.31) mm Hg to (70.28 +/- 7.98) mm Hg and showed significant difference between boys and girls. There were association between hypertension and family history, body mass index (BMI), triglyceride, insulin, insulin resistance index while insulin sensitivity index and family history, BMI and insulin sensitivity index appeared to be the important factors. Children under this study were divided to 'with family history or without' and then every group was divided to 'with over weight-obesity or normal'. Obesity and insulin sensitivity seemed the key risk factors on hypertension. Descent of insulin sensitivity was an independent risk factor.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The level of blood tension among children in Daqing city was higher than that from the national data. The present study confirmed that over-weight,obesity, heredity and insulin resistance were the risk factors of hypertension while insulin resistance was related to hypertension. The interaction of these risk factors was independent or correlated to each other.</p>

Involvement of ATP-sensitive potassium channels in proliferation and differentiation of rat preadipocytes / 生理学报

This paper was aimed to investigate the effects of ATP-sensitive potassium channels on the proliferation and differentiation of rat preadipocytes. We examined the expression of sulphonylurea receptor 2 (SUR2) mRNA in preadipocytes and adipocytes obtained by inducing for 5 d and the effects of the inhibitor (glibenclamide) and opener (diazoxide) of ATP-sensitive potassium channels on the expression of SUR2 mRNA in preadipocytes by real-time PCR. Preadipocyte proliferation and cell cycle were measured by MTT spectrophotometry and flow cytometer. The content of intracellular lipid was measured by oil red O staining, cell diameter was determined by Image-Pro Plus 5.0 software and the expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPAR-gamma) mRNA was estimated by RT-PCR. SUR2 mRNA was expressed in both preadipocytes and adipocytes obtained by inducing for 5 d, and the expression in adipocytes was obviously higher than that in preadipocytes. Glibenclamide inhibited the expression of SUR2 mRNA in preadipocyte, promoted preadipocyte proliferation in a dose-dependent manner, increased the cell percentages in G(2)/M + S phase, increased lipid content, augmented adipocyte diameter, and promoted the expression of PPAR-gamma mRNA. But the actions of diazoxide were contrary to those of glibenclamide. These results suggest that ATP-sensitive potassium channels regulate the proliferation and differentiation of preadipocytes, and PPAR-gamma is probably involved in the effect of ATP-sensitive potassium channels.

Effect of exercise stress on cigarette smoking induced downregulation of BKca and Kv1.5 expression in pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells of rats / 中华劳动卫生职业病杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the effect of exercise stress on chronic cigarette smoking induced downregulation of large conductance calcium-activated potassium channel (BKca) and voltage-dependent delayed rectifier potassium channel (Kv1.5) expression in pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells of rats.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Rats were divided into three groups: the normal control group, the smoking control group and the smoking + exercise group. The plasma cortisol level, the potassium channel expression and the pathological changes in lung tissue were determined with HE staining, the immunohistochemistry and the in-situ hybridization.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>(1) In the smoking + exercise group, the plasma cortisol level was determined immediately after exercise [(1528.7 +/- 469.7) ng/L] and was higher than that determined before exercise [(672.4 +/- 235.7) ng/L] (P < 0.01); (2) The HE staining showed that the chronic pulmonary inflammatory response in the smoking control group was severe while it was mild in the smoking + exercise group; (3) The mRNA and protein expression (OD value) of BKca in the smoking control group (mRNA: 0.2206 +/- 0.0415 for big artery and 0.3935 +/- 0.1378 for small artery; protein: 0.2634 +/- 0.1219 for big artery and 0.0995 +/- 0.0851 for small artery) were less than those in the normal control group. The mRNA expression of BKca in the smoking + exercise group (OD value) (0.5022 +/- 0.1134 for big artery and 0.6408 +/- 0.2135 for small artery) was higher than that in the smoking control group; (4) The mRNA and protein expression of Kv1.5 in the smoking control group (OD value) (mRNA: 0.9354 +/- 0.3290 for big artery and 0.5012 +/- 0.1170 for small artery; protein: 1.1112 +/- 0.3310 for big artery and 0.4736 +/- 0.1250 for small artery) were less than those in the normal control group. The protein expression of Kv1.5 in the smoking + exercise group (0.7445 +/- 0.2690) in small artery was higher than that in the smoking control group.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Proper exercise stress can decrease inhibition effect of the chronic smoking on the expression of potassium channel BKca and Kv1.5, which perhaps partly results from exercise induced increase of cortisol secretion.</p>

Awareness on SARS and public health emergencies among general publics / 中华流行病学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To explore the awareness on sever acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and public health emergencies among general publics.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>A cluster sampling method was implemented in Harbin and Jiagedaqi district of Daxinanling of Heilongjiang province. Research subjects were divided into three groups as city, township and rural areas and were given questionnaires to fill in. Data was analyzed with Epi-data and SPSS.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>2003 available questionnaires were collected. The general publics well understood the knowledge on public health emergencies and the SARS with the whole recognition rate more than 60 percent. During the epidemics, people in city, town and countryside were calm (71.7%). The rates of attitude towards the government were significantly different among the subjects living with the city, town or rural areas. The city group expressed the highest favor to the government and media, 71.8% of them gave the credit on the control of SARS to the effective method taken by the government and 65.0% of them showed that they had enough confidence on the governmental ability of dealing with crises while the countryside group trusted the hospitals and relative specialists the most.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>It is essential for the government to interact and communicate with the publics through media, medical and related institutions when confronting with the public health emergencies. Publicity on health knowledge and coping system on emergency should play key roles in the development of an effective public health system while the government should lead the battle.</p>

Role of histamine in airway remodeling of asthmatic guinea pig / 生理学报

To investigate the role of histamine in airway remodeling, 50 healthy guinea pigs were divided into 5 groups: control group: nebulized inhalation of distilled water for 8 weeks; asthma model group: nebulized inhalation of ovalbumin (OVA) for 8 weeks after sensitization; continued asthma model group: nebulized inhalation of OVA for 14 weeks after sensitization; histamine group: nebulized inhalation of OVA for 14 weeks after sensitization and histamine was added in the last 6 weeks; antagonist group: nebulized inhalation of OVA for 14 weeks after sensitization and histamine receptor antagonists were added in the last 6 weeks. For each group, the concentration of histamine, sodium ion (Na(+)), chlorine ion (Cl(-)), arterial partial pressure of oxygen (PaO2), arterial partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PaCO2), pH, actual bicarbonate (AB), standard bicarbonate (SB) in serum, and thickness of airway mucosa, base membrane and smooth muscle were measured and compared with each other. The results showed that: (1) the concentration of histamine in serum and the thickness of airway increased, the following order was, the control group, the asthma model group, the continued asthma model group and histamine group (P<0.01); and the concentration of histamine in serum and the thickness of airway of antagonist group was lower than that of the continued asthma model group (P<0.05, 0.01). (2) PaO2 of the asthma model group was lower than that of the normal control group (P<0.01); PaO2, pH, AB, SB decreased, the following order was, the asthma model group, the continued asthma model group and the histamine group (P<0.01); and PaO2, pH, AB, SB of the antagonist group was higher than that of the continued asthma model group (P<0.01); but for PaCO2, the order was converse (P<0.01); For the concentration of Na(+) and Cl(-) in serum, there was no difference among these groups. It is concluded that: (1) Histamine is one of the mediators in the airway remodeling of asthma. (2) Histamine receptor antagonists may play a role in preventing and treating airway remodeling. (3) There is a negative correlation between the PaO2, pH and the wall thickness of the airway (P<0.01), while a positive correlation between the PaCO2, anion gap (AG) and the wall thickness of the airway (P<0.01).

Effect of chronic cigarette smoking on large-conductance calcium-activated potassium channel and Kv1.5 expression in bronchial smooth muscle cells of rats / 生理学报

To investigate the role of potassium channels in the pathogenesis of airway hyperresponsiveness induced by cigarette smoking, the alteration in expression of large-conductance calcium-activated potassium channel (BKca) and voltage-dependent delayed rectifier potassium channel (Kv1.5) in bronchial smooth muscle cells were investigated in chronic cigarette smoking rats. Airway responsiveness was determined, hematoxylin and eosin staining, immuno-histochemistry, in-situ hybridization and western blot techniques were used. The results showed: (1) Chronic cigarette smoking down-regulated the protein synthesis and mRNA expression of BKca and Kv1.5 in bronchial and bronchiolar smooth muscles. (2) BKca decreased more markedly than Kv1.5 in bronchi, but there was no difference between them in bronchioli. (3) No changes in the expression of these two potassium channel proteins were found in extracted cell membrane protein from lung tissue. The results suggest that chronic cigarette smoking can down-regulate the levels of BKca and Kv1.5 in rat bronchial smooth muscle cells in vivo, which might contribute to the mechanism of airway hyperresponsiveness induced by cigarette smoking.